استان (ostân) means province, the primary administrative division of Iran. It is a revived Middle Persian term reintroduced in the twentieth century to replace Arabic-origin administrative words and now carries a distinctly Iranian institutional identity.
استوا (estevâ) means the equator, the imaginary line circling Earth midway between the poles. It comes from Arabic اِسْتِوَاء (istiwâ’), meaning evenness or equality, describing the equal day and night lengths at this latitude.
قطب (qotb) is an Arabic loanword meaning pole, as in the North or South Pole. In modern Persian it also means hub or center, describing anything that draws activity and influence to one point.
دلتا (deltâ) means a river delta, the fan-shaped area of land where a river splits and meets the sea. The word is borrowed from Greek, where delta is the triangular letter resembling the shape of this landform.
تنگه (tange) means a strait or narrow passage between two bodies of water. It comes from the Persian root تنگ (tang), meaning narrow, and is used in both geography and everyday speech.
ارتفاع (ertefâ) means “altitude” or “elevation,” the height of something above a reference point such as sea level. It is an Arabic loanword from the root ر-ف-ع, which relates to raising or lifting.
ملیت (melliyyat) means “nationality,” the status of belonging to a particular nation or country. It is an Arabic-origin word built on the root م-ل-ل, and is used in formal, legal, and everyday contexts across Persian.
آرژانتین (Ârzhantin) is the Persian name for Argentina. It reached Persian via French, and the country name itself comes from Spanish “Argentina,” meaning the land of silver, from Latin argentum.
استرالیا (Ostorâliâ) is the Persian name for Australia, the island continent in the southern hemisphere. It is a direct phonetic adaptation of the English name, itself from New Latin Terra Australis.
آسیا (Âsiyâ) is the Persian name for the continent of Asia, borrowed from the Greek “Asia,” possibly derived from Akkadian or Assyrian roots, and used universally in modern Farsi.
