روح

From Arabic روح (rūḥ), triliteral root ر و ح ("breath, wind, spirit"). The Quran (15:29, 21:91) describes God breathing روح into Adam and Mary, making روح a sacred metaphysical category in Islamic thought. Sufi thought distinguishes روح (the soul) from نفس (nafs, "ego, lower self") and قلب (qalb, "heart"), ranking the nafs lowest and the ruh highest. The phrase روحش شاد (ruhash shâd, "may his soul be joyful") is a common condolence phrase for the dead.