دستور

Thirty-two letters, written right to left. Most join to the next, so each has a few shapes.

Short a, e, o are usually left off the page. You learn them with the word itself.

A small -e ties a noun to what owns or describes it. The glue in every Persian phrase.

Add ها to almost anything. Use ـان for people, mostly in writing.

A final ـی marks a noun as "a" or "a particular one".

The adjective follows its noun, joined by the same ezâfe -e.

ـتر for "more", ـترین for "most". They stick straight onto the adjective.

man, to, u, then mâ, shomâ, ânhâ. That is the whole cast.

او covers he, she, and often it. Persian marks no gender at all.

Endings ـم ـت ـش do the work of my, your, his.

"Am, is, are" rarely stands alone. It hangs off the word as ـم ـی ـه.

dâshtan is the odd one out: no mi- in the present tense.

می plus the present stem plus a personal ending. Covers "I go" and "I am going".

Past stem plus the same personal endings. The stem you learn per verb.

For wishes, plans and "maybe": بـ plus the stem. Persian leans on it constantly.

بـ plus the stem, and nothing on the end for "you".

خواه plus a bare stem for the formal future. Speech just reuses the present.

A noun or adjective plus a light verb (kardan, shodan, zadan). Most verbs are built this way.

A نـ on the front. On present verbs it rides just ahead of the mi-.

Past participle plus "to be". "I have gone", and its past-in-the-past cousin.

Past participle plus شدن (to become). No "by" needed.

Persian is Subject, Object, Verb. The action lands at the very end.

را (spoken: رو / ـو) tags an object as specific and definite.

Lift your tone, or open with آیا. Question words: کی، چی، کجا، چرا.

که means that, which and who all at once. It stitches clauses together.

اگر plus the subjunctive or past sets up a condition.

است ("is") collapses to a small ـه at the end of a word in speech.

In speech را is "ro" after a vowel, a bare ـو after a consonant.

Long ân often rounds to un in the mouth. نان becomes نون.

می‌رود becomes می‌ره, می‌روم becomes می‌رم. The endings collapse inward.

Older shapes you meet only in verse: the be- past, همی, and inverted word order.