نیز
نیز (niz) means “also” or “too” in literary and formal Persian. It is a pure Persian word from Middle Persian and is the most elevated synonym of هم. It appears mainly in writing, poetry, and formal speech.
Glossary
همینطور
همینطور (hamintor) means “likewise” or “and also” in colloquial Persian. Despite sounding fully Persian, it contains the Arabic-origin طور (meaning manner), making it a cross-origin word used daily in speech.
همچنین
همچنین (hamchenin) means “also” or “likewise” in formal Persian. Built from two native Persian elements, هم and چنین, it signals that something equally applies. It is the formal counterpart to the colloquial همینطور.
علاوه بر
علاوه بر (alâve bar) means “in addition to” in formal Persian. It combines the Arabic noun علاوه with the Persian preposition بر, making it a cross-origin compound used in written and official speech.
به جز
به جز (be joz) means except for and is the more colloquial counterpart of به غیر از. It combines the preposition be with joz, which derives from the Arabic جُزْء (juz’, part, portion).
به غیر از
به غیر از (be gheyr az) means apart from or except and pairs the preposition be with the Arabic-origin adjective gheyr (other, non-), followed by az, forming a three-part phrase.
به جای
به جای (be jâ-ye) means instead of and is built from two pure-Persian elements: the preposition be and jâ (place, room, spot). It is one of the most common substitution markers.
به علت
به علت (be ellat-e) means owing to or due to and belongs to formal Persian. It combines be with the Arabic-origin noun ellat (cause, illness, defect), rooted in classical Arabic.
به دلیل
به دلیل (be dalil-e) means due to or because of and carries a formal register. It pairs the preposition be with the Arabic-origin noun dalil (proof, reason, evidence).
به خاطر
به خاطر (be khâter) is a Persian compound preposition meaning because of or for the sake of. It combines the preposition be with the Arabic-origin noun khâter (memory, heart).